Sabtu, 04 Juli 2015
[Christos S. Mantzoros] Nutrition and Metabolism
[Christos S. Mantzoros] Nutrition and Metabolism
Syndrome: A Twenty-First-Century Epidemic of Obesity and Eating Disorders
Lack of suffi cient nutrition is the main problem of billions of persons in the underdeveloped world, while excessive caloric intake leading to obesity is becoming more and more prevalent in Western societies of affl uence. As a result, obesity, which leads to the metabolic syndrome and is thus closely associated with signifi cant morbidity and mortality from diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers, to mention a few, is considered the epidemic of our century in Western societies.Positive energy balance, as refl ected by increasing BMI, is not a recent phenomenon. BMI has been increasing for many decades, but until the mid or late 1970s, it was rather associated with improved health and increased longevity. In the past few decades, however, the risk-to-benefi t ratio has been shifting in such a way that the continued increase in body fatness is increasingly being recognized as underlying several chronic disease states. This phenomenon is slowing or even reversing gains made in terms of life expectancy in the past. More than 30% of Americans are currently overweight and another 30% are obese, defi ned as a body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 29.9 kg m and higher than 30.0 kg m respectively. Moreover, if the current trends continue, it is expected that by the year 2020 more than 50% of Americans will be obese, possibly making obesity the “norm” and leanness the “exception.” In children, use of the term overweight is usually preferred, to avoid potential stigmatization, and thus the defi nition of obesity in children is based on exceeding the 95th percentile of BMI-for-age using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control charts.
Lack of suffi cient nutrition is the main problem of billions of persons in the underdeveloped world, while excessive caloric intake leading to obesity is becoming more and more prevalent in Western societies of affl uence. As a result, obesity, which leads to the metabolic syndrome and is thus closely associated with signifi cant morbidity and mortality from diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers, to mention a few, is considered the epidemic of our century in Western societies.Positive energy balance, as refl ected by increasing BMI, is not a recent phenomenon. BMI has been increasing for many decades, but until the mid or late 1970s, it was rather associated with improved health and increased longevity. In the past few decades, however, the risk-to-benefi t ratio has been shifting in such a way that the continued increase in body fatness is increasingly being recognized as underlying several chronic disease states. This phenomenon is slowing or even reversing gains made in terms of life expectancy in the past. More than 30% of Americans are currently overweight and another 30% are obese, defi ned as a body mass index (BMI) between 25.0 and 29.9 kg m and higher than 30.0 kg m respectively. Moreover, if the current trends continue, it is expected that by the year 2020 more than 50% of Americans will be obese, possibly making obesity the “norm” and leanness the “exception.” In children, use of the term overweight is usually preferred, to avoid potential stigmatization, and thus the defi nition of obesity in children is based on exceeding the 95th percentile of BMI-for-age using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control charts.
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